library(methodical)
library(TumourMethData)
library(BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg19)Most functions from methodical take as input RangedSummarizedExperiment objects
with methylation data. If there are many samples, there can be many millions
or, in the case of WGBS data, even billions of data points within a DNA methylation
dataset. It can be unfeasible to load all this data into memory at once. This problem
can be overcome by using DelayedArrays backed by HDF5 files, enabling data to be
read into memory only as needed. Methodical provides a suite of functions
for working with such DNA methylation RangedSummarizedExperiments, including
functions to extract methylation values for sites overlapping genomic regions of
interest GRanges, to liftover the methylation sites from one genome build to
another and to mask methylation sites overlapping certain genomic regions, e.g.
repeats.
Here we demonstrate this different functionality using a dataset downloaded from TumourMethData.
# Download RangedSummarizedExperiment with methylation data for prostate metastases from TumourMethData
mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11 = TumourMethData::download_meth_dataset(dataset = "mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11")
#> [1] "A HDF5 SummarizedExperiment is already present in /tmp/RtmppevoFB/mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11 and is being returned"We’ll first demonstrate how to extract methylation data for individual CpG sites
in mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11 overlapping a supplied GRanges object with
extractGRangesMethSiteValues, using the gene body as an example.
# Create a GRanges with the hg38 genomic coordinates for the GSTP1, including
# 2 KB upstream of its designated start in Ensembl
gstp1_start_site_region <- GRanges("chr11:67581742-67586656:+")
# Extract methylation values for CpG sites overlapping GSTP1 gene body
gstp1_cpg_methylation <- extractGRangesMethSiteValues(
meth_rse = mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11, genomic_regions = gstp1_start_site_region)
# View the first few rows and columns of the result.
# extractGRangesMethSiteValues returns a row for each methylation site and a
# separate column for each sample where row names give the coordinates of the
# methylation sites in character format.
gstp1_cpg_methylation[1:6, 1:6]
#> DTB_003 DTB_005 DTB_008 DTB_009 DTB_011 DTB_018
#> chr11:67581759 0.1764706 0.2682927 0.23076923 0.10714286 0.09677419 0.7045455
#> chr11:67581799 0.1944444 0.1470588 0.12500000 0.10344828 0.04166667 0.4871795
#> chr11:67581838 0.3157895 0.1538462 0.15789474 0.13333333 0.10000000 0.6923077
#> chr11:67581849 0.1388889 0.0000000 0.07692308 0.06896552 0.16129032 0.4000000
#> chr11:67581866 0.3488372 0.2000000 0.17073171 0.08823529 0.29032258 0.7575758
#> chr11:67581875 0.1590909 0.0000000 0.15384615 0.08823529 0.25000000 0.3142857Next we’ll show how to summarize the methylation of CpGs over regions of
interest with summarizeRegionMethylation, using CpG islands as an example.
summarizeRegionMethylation processes the the supplied genomic regions in
chunks so that the methylation data for CpG sites overlapping the regions of
interest is not all loaded into memory at once. The parameter
max_sites_per_chunk controls the approximate number of CpG sites maximally
read into memory at once and defaults to floor(62500000/ncol(meth_rse).
Several chunks can be processed in parallel using BiocParallel via the
BPPARAM argument which takes a BiocParallelParam object. The number of workers
indicated by BiocParallelParam determines the number of chunks that will be
processed in parallel. Some experimentation may be needed to find the optimal
choices for max_sites_per_chunk and the number of workers in terms of speed
and memory usage.
# Load CpG islands annotation for hg38
cpg_island_annotation <- annotatr::build_annotations(genome = "hg38", annotation = "hg38_cpgs")
#> Building CpG islands...
#> Building CpG shores...
#> Building CpG shelves...
#> Building inter-CpG-islands...
names(cpg_island_annotation) <- cpg_island_annotation$id
# Filter for annotation for chr11
cpg_island_annotation = cpg_island_annotation[seqnames(cpg_island_annotation) == "chr11"]
# Convert into a GRangesList with separate GRanges for islands, shores, shelves and inter island regions
cpg_island_annotation <- GRangesList(split(cpg_island_annotation, cpg_island_annotation$type))
# Create a BPPARAM class
BPPARAM = BiocParallel::bpparam()
# Summarize methylation levels for CpG islands
cpg_island_methylation <- summarizeRegionMethylation(
meth_rse = mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11, genomic_regions = cpg_island_annotation$hg38_cpg_islands,
BPPARAM = BPPARAM, summary_function = colMeans)
#> There are some seqlevels from genomic_regions missing from meth_rse
#> Summarizing genomic region methylation
# Print a few rows for the first few samples of the result
cpg_island_methylation[1000:1006, 1:6]
#> DTB_003 DTB_005 DTB_008 DTB_009 DTB_011
#> island:14913 0.124852221 0.009667637 0.008330832 0.014607967 0.039786356
#> island:14914 0.009844099 0.029795906 0.006258614 0.072477345 0.052693357
#> island:14915 0.001953125 0.004184060 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.003801843
#> island:14916 0.006799628 0.002174912 0.006262350 0.003554305 0.007567667
#> island:14917 0.901040137 0.834174923 0.819908342 0.865086671 0.806623071
#> island:14918 0.940876775 0.940707064 0.950919937 0.959274590 0.907710156
#> island:14919 0.026562413 0.024696883 0.019078006 0.017051253 0.034368160
#> DTB_018
#> island:14913 0.012036163
#> island:14914 0.050911768
#> island:14915 0.002777778
#> island:14916 0.004661724
#> island:14917 0.838317611
#> island:14918 0.930573772
#> island:14919 0.022032495We can plot methylation values extracted from a genomic region for a single
sample using the plotMethylationValues() function. We’ll demonstrate this
using the values we extracted in the region surrounding the 5’ end of GSTP1 for
the DTB_003 prostate metastasis sample. We indicate the sample we want to plot
with the sample_name parameter.
# Plot the methylation values along the GSTP1 gene body for one prostate metastasis sample.
gstp1_methylation_plot = plotMethylationValues(gstp1_cpg_methylation, sample_name = "DTB_003")
print(gstp1_methylation_plot)Additionally, we can also annotate our plots using the annotatePlot() function.
It uses a GRangeList provided with the annotation_grl parameter to create an
annotation plot showing the regions in the GRangesList which overlap the
genomic region displayed in the main plot. Each of the GRanges objects making up
the GRangesList is given a different colour in the annotation
plot and the names of these component GRanges are indicated. We can control
the colours used with the grl_colours parameter if we don’t want to use the
default colours.
If we provide a GRanges object with the location of a transcription start site
to the reference_tss, parameter, we can show the distance of methylation sites
upstream and downstream of this.
By default, the main plot and annotation plot are combined into a single plot
and returned. The annotation_plot_proportion parameter sets the proportion of
the total plot height dedicated to the annotation plot. We can instead return
the annotation plot by itself by setting the annotation_plot_only parameter to
TRUE.
We’ll annotate the location of CpG islands, CpG shores, CpG shores and
inter CpG island regions for gstp1_methylation_plot using the
cpg_island_annotation GRangesList we created.
# Annotate gstp1_methylation_plot with cpg_island_annotation
annotatePlot(meth_site_plot = gstp1_methylation_plot,
annotation_grl = cpg_island_annotation, annotation_plot_proportion = 0.3,
grl_colours = c("#DEEBF7", "#9ECAE1", "#4292C6", "#08519C"))
#> Warning in get_plot_component(plot, "guide-box"): Multiple components found;
#> returning the first one. To return all, use `return_all = TRUE`.
# Create same plot, except showing the distance to the GSTP1 start site on the x-axis
annotatePlot(meth_site_plot = gstp1_methylation_plot,
annotation_grl = cpg_island_annotation,
reference_tss = GRanges("chr11:67583742"),annotation_plot_proportion = 0.3,
grl_colours = c("#DEEBF7", "#9ECAE1", "#4292C6", "#08519C"))
#> Warning in get_plot_component(plot, "guide-box"): Multiple components found;
#> returning the first one. To return all, use `return_all = TRUE`.
# Return the annotation plot by itself
annotatePlot(meth_site_plot = gstp1_methylation_plot,
annotation_grl = cpg_island_annotation, annotation_plot_proportion = 0.3,
grl_colours = c("#DEEBF7", "#9ECAE1", "#4292C6", "#08519C"), annotation_plot_only = TRUE)We may want to mask certain regions in a methylation RangedSummarizedExperiment.
With the maskRangesInRSE() function, we can mask regions across
all samples (which could be useful for repetitive regions or polymorphic
regions) or on a sample by sample basis (which could be appropriate for different
regions that are known to be mutated in different tumour samples). All
methylation values within the masked regions will be set to NA.
The mask_ranges argument takes either a GRanges or GRangesList with the
regions that should be masked. If a GRanges object is provided, all
methylation sites overlapping these regions will be masked across all samples.
If a GRangesList is provided, the names of the component GRanges should match
sample names in the RangedSummarizedExperiment and in each sample, the
methylation sites overlapping the regions in its corresponding GRangesList
entry will be masked.
We will demonstrate how to mask LINE repetitive regions across all samples.
# Download repetitive sequences from AnnotationHub and filter for LINE elements
repeat_annotation_hg38 <- AnnotationHub::AnnotationHub()[["AH99003"]]
#> loading from cache
line_elements_hg38 <- repeat_annotation_hg38[repeat_annotation_hg38$repClass == "SINE"]
# Mask LINE elements in mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11
mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11_lines_masked <- maskRangesInRSE(rse = mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11,
mask_ranges = line_elements_hg38)
# Extract the methylation values for one of the LINE elements in the
# unmasked and masked RSE
extractGRangesMethSiteValues(meth_rse = mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11,
genomic_regions = line_elements_hg38[1000])[, 1:6]
#> [1] DTB_003 DTB_005 DTB_008 DTB_009 DTB_011 DTB_018
#> <0 rows> (or 0-length row.names)
extractGRangesMethSiteValues(meth_rse = mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11_lines_masked,
genomic_regions = line_elements_hg38[1000])[, 1:6]
#> [1] DTB_003 DTB_005 DTB_008 DTB_009 DTB_011 DTB_018
#> <0 rows> (or 0-length row.names)Sometimes we may want to work with a different genome build to that used to construct
a methylation RangedSummarizedExperiment. We can easily liftover the genomic coordinates
of the methylation sites using liftoverMethRSE() function. To do this, we
need a liftover chain file for the appropriate source and target genome builds
and which we provide to the chain argument.
All methylation sites which cannot be mapped to the target genome build and
those which result in many-to-one mappings are removed. We also need to decide
whether we want to remove methylation sites in the source genome build which
map to multiple sites in the target genome build. We do this using the
remove_one_to_many_mapping argument, which has a default value of TRUE. We
can also remove any regions which do not map to desired regions in the target
genome, for example CpG sites, by providing a GRanges object to the argument
permitted_target_regions.
We will demonstrate how to liftover mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11 to hg19.
# Create a DNAStringSet for chromosome11
chr11_dss = setNames(DNAStringSet(BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg19[["chr11"]]), "chr11")
# Get CpG sites for hg19 for chromsome 11
hg19_cpgs <- methodical::extractMethSitesFromGenome(genome = chr11_dss)
# Download hg38 to hg19 liftover chain from AnnotationHub
hg38tohg19Chain <- AnnotationHub::AnnotationHub()[["AH14108"]]
#> loading from cache
# Liftover mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11 to mcrpc_wgbs_hg19_chr11
mcrpc_wgbs_hg19_chr11 <- liftoverMethRSE(meth_rse = mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11, chain = hg38tohg19Chain,
remove_one_to_many_mapping = TRUE, permitted_target_regions = hg19_cpgs)
#> 42343 non-mapping sites removed
#> 0 one-to-many mapping sites removed
#> 1773 many-to-one mapping sites removed
#> 46319 sites not overlapping permitted target regions removed
# Compare the dimensions of mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11 and mcrpc_wgbs_hg19_chr11.
# 1,423,050 methylation sites could not be lifted over from hg38 to hg19.
dim(mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11)
#> [1] 1333114 100
dim(mcrpc_wgbs_hg19_chr11)
#> [1] 1286553 100
# chr1:921635 should be lifted over to chr1:857015 so confirm that they have
# the same methylation values in hg38 and hg19
rtracklayer::liftOver(GRanges("chr11:67581759"), hg38tohg19Chain)
#> GRangesList object of length 1:
#> [[1]]
#> GRanges object with 1 range and 0 metadata columns:
#> seqnames ranges strand
#> <Rle> <IRanges> <Rle>
#> [1] chr11 67349230 *
#> -------
#> seqinfo: 1 sequence from an unspecified genome; no seqlengths
extractGRangesMethSiteValues(mcrpc_wgbs_hg38_chr11, GRanges("chr11:67581759"))[, 1:8]
#> DTB_003 DTB_005 DTB_008 DTB_009 DTB_011 DTB_018
#> chr11:67581759 0.1764706 0.2682927 0.2307692 0.1071429 0.09677419 0.7045455
#> DTB_019 DTB_020
#> chr11:67581759 0.1538462 0.1612903
extractGRangesMethSiteValues(mcrpc_wgbs_hg19_chr11, GRanges("chr11:67349230"))[, 1:8]
#> DTB_003 DTB_005 DTB_008 DTB_009 DTB_011 DTB_018
#> chr11:67349230 0.1764706 0.2682927 0.2307692 0.1071429 0.09677419 0.7045455
#> DTB_019 DTB_020
#> chr11:67349230 0.1538462 0.1612903sessionInfo()
#> R version 4.4.0 beta (2024-04-15 r86425)
#> Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
#> Running under: Ubuntu 22.04.4 LTS
#>
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#> BLAS: /home/biocbuild/bbs-3.19-bioc/R/lib/libRblas.so
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#> [3] BiocIO_1.14.0 Biostrings_2.72.0
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